1. Battery voltage (V) Open circuit voltage (OCV) Lithium battery is not connected to the external circuit or load voltage, generally with a multimeter can be tested. Operating voltage (WV) The potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of the battery under external load, i.e. when a current flows through the battery in the circuit. When the battery is working, there will be current flowing through the battery. Because of the internal resistance and load resistance of the battery itself, the operating voltage of the battery is always lower than the open-circuit voltage. Discharge cut-off voltage (DCV) : Refers to the battery in the case of electric energy, discharge to reach the set voltage, generally set voltage is 3.0V or above, overdischarge will have irreversible impact on the battery. 2.Battery capacity (Ah or mAh) Battery capacity refers to the amount of electricity released by the battery under certain conditions (discharge rate, temperature, termination voltage, etc.), which is one of the important indicators of battery electrical performance. It is expressed in C and expressed in Ah (ampere hours) or mAh (mah hours). Battery capacity (Ah) = Current (A) x discharge time (h). 1) Rated capacity That is, the capacity indicated on the battery packaging is the lowest capacity released under standard conditions according to the standards promulgated by the state or relevant departments. 2) Theoretical capacity The design is based on the mass of the active substance by Faraday's law calculation of the theoretical value. 3) Actual capacity According to the actual situation of the battery, under a certain charge-discharge system released battery capacity. It is related to the condition of the battery itself, such as SOC, SOH and so on, as well as the charge and discharge system. 3. Battery internal resistance (mΩ) The internal resistance of a battery is the resistance to flow through a current. Battery internal resistance is mainly affected by battery materials, production technology, battery structure and other factors. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarized internal resistance: Ohmic internal resistance: depends on the composition of electrode material, electrolyte, diaphragm resistance, contact resistance between materials, and contact resistance with the housing. When a battery is discharged, the Ohm resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance: it is mainly the electric resistance caused by the electrochemical polarization and the concentration difference polarization generated when the battery flows through the electric current. The polarization resistance increases with the current density, but is not linear, and often increases linearly with the logarithm of the current density. The internal resistance of a battery is not a constant and changes over time during discharge because the composition of the active substance, electrolyte concentration and temperature are constantly changing. 4. Charge Cycle life A secondary battery is called a cycle or a cycle. After repeated charging and discharging, the capacity of the battery gradually decreases. Generally, lithium batteries are required to charge and discharge under standard conditions. When the battery capacity is reduced to 80%, the number of cycles the battery experiences is the cycle life. Influencing factor: Improper use of batteries, battery materials, electrolyte composition and concentration, charge-discharge ratio, discharge depth (DOD%), temperature, and production process all affect the cycle life of batteries. 5. Energy density (Wh/Kg) Volume specific energy or mass specific energy refers to the energy released per unit volume or mass, usually expressed as volume energy density (Wh/L) or. Calculation formula: Volume Energy density (Wh/L) = Battery capacity (Ah) x average discharge platform (V)/ battery volume (L) Mass Energy density (Wh/kg) = Battery capacity (Ah) x Average discharge platform (V)/ Battery weight (Kg) 6. Battery charging and discharging depth (SOC, DOD) Charge depth: The ratio of charge to nominal capacity, usually expressed as SOC. Discharge depth: Discharge depth is the ratio of discharge capacity to nominal capacity. It is usually denoted by DOD. For example, if the capacity of a 20Ah battery is discharged, the capacity becomes 4Ah, which can be called 80%DOD. If the capacity of the battery after charging is 10Ah, the charging depth of 50%SOC can be used. 7. Charge and discharge ratio (A) Discharge rate: the current value required to discharge its rated capacity within a specified time, which is numerically equal to the multiple of the rated capacity of the battery. For example, if the discharge rate is 2C, the battery discharge current is 2 x the capacity of the battery (unit: A). Charge ratio: The rate at which the battery is charged, which is equal to the rated capacity of the battery. Classification of discharge rate: Low magnification rate (<0.5c), medium="" magnification="" rate="" high="" super="">7.0C). 8. Over discharge Battery in the discharge process, exceed the battery discharge termination voltage value, but also continue to discharge, it may cause the battery internal pressure rise, positive and negative active material reversible damage, so that the capacity of the battery significantly reduced. 9. Over charge When the battery is charged, if it continues to charge after it has reached the full state, it may lead to increased internal pressure, battery deformation, night leakage and other conditions, and the performance of the battery will be significantly reduced and damaged, or even dangerous explosion. 10. Load capacity When the positive and negative ends of the battery are connected to the electrical appliance, the output power that drives the electrical appliance to work is the load capacity of the battery. 11.Battery formation After the battery is assembled and injected, the positive and negative electrode active substances are activated through certain charging and discharging ways to improve the battery's charge-discharge performance, self-discharge, storage and other comprehensive performance. Only after the battery has been formed can its true performance be realized. At the same time, the separation process in the formation process can improve the consistency of the battery pack and improve the performance of the final battery pack. 12. Battery capacity In the process of battery production, due to the process and material itself, the actual capacity of the battery is impossible to be completely consistent, through a certain charge-discharge system detection, and the battery capacity classification process is called capacity separation. 13. Consistent battery pack A battery pack is composed of multiple cells connected in series and parallel. The overall performance and life of a battery pack depends on the poor performance of one cell, which requires high consistency of performance of each cell in the battery pack. For example, batteries of the same batch and model are screened by the consistency of voltage, internal resistance, capacity, and even charge-discharge curves to improve the consistency of the battery pack.

On Oct.15,a battery fire knocked out power at a key data center in South Korea,causing the country's two Internet giants,Naver and Kakao,to shut down services and severely affecting almost all sectors of the country,including finance and transportation. According to the South Korean police,the fire occurred near A lithium battery rack in the electrical room on the third floor of the basement of the data center.The power supply was stacked in five battery racks,and one of the lithium batteries sparked a fire before automatic fire extinguishing equipment was activated and sprayed with gas. The data center,jointly built by SK and IBM,will manage the data of key platform operators such as SK Telecom,Kakao,a social networking app,and Naver,a portal site.As a result,Internet services in South Korea were largely paralyzed after the fire broke out.Kakao's share price fell 4%to 5%as a result of the accident,wiping 2 trillion won(10.1 billion yuan)off its market value. The fire was put out eight hours later at around 11:46 p.m.Friday,police said.No one was injured,but all the batteries were destroyed in the blaze. Lithium battery fire incident occurred frequently in recent years,the battery safety problem has become one of the important issues of new energy electric vehicle,a well-known lithium battery fire is different from general fire,after a fire is very difficult to extinguish,along with the increasingly wide application of lithium batteries,combustion and explosion safety issues are development and application has been the battery to break through the bottle cap. Generally speaking,the direct cause of lithium battery fire explosion accident is the battery heat out of control.Cause thermal runaway,on the one hand is the cell itself has defects,on the other hand,by the external impact of heat release,will also lead to thermal runaway.Improving battery consistency is an important way to ensure battery string security and reliability. The common lithium-ion batteries on the market are basically divided into four categories,among which LiFePO4 battery has the best thermal stability,LiMn2O4 battery is the second best,LiNiCoMnO2 battery is slightly worse,and LiCoO2 battery has the worst thermal stability.LiFePO4 battery has long cycle life,small side effects,low cost,large charge-discharge ratio,good stability at high temperature,but relatively low energy density.LiMn204 battery cost is low,low toxicity,but poor thermal stability,short cycle life,less applications.LiNiCoMnO2 battery has high energy density,but the temperature increases after high-power charging and discharging,and the oxygen is released at high temperature.It has poor thermal stability and short life.

As a manufacturer that has been in the field of new energy for ten years,we have a deep understanding of the application of lithium batteries, such as electric buses, electric trucks, electric sweepers, electric forklifts, mobile energy storage, and low-speed vehicles. Some people will use module to refit traditional transport vehicles. A German customer converted his tractor into an electric tractor using standard  lithium battery modules. After being converted into electricity supply, it not only meets the EU's requirements for environmental protection ROHS, but also can help customers save 90% of the fuel cost in today's rising oil prices. What's more, the modified electric tractor can produce higher speed and higher torque than traditional tractors without making any noise. We follow the tenet of "LEARN FROM NATURE,CONTRIBUTE TO NATURE", and have been committed to the promotion of clean energy. It is a matter of pride that clean energy can be applied in more fields. If you also have some brain-opening ideas and need more product information, please contact us, let's change the world together.

In the 21st century,people's awareness of environmental protection and the demand for renewable energy have been further improved,and the promotion of renewable energy has become more important.As a portal website born in Italy in 1999,ZeroEmission is committed to promoting the use of renewable energy through various initiatives,which play an indispensable role in the spread of renewable energy in the industrial system.Entering 2022,ZeroEmission organized and organized the E-TECH EUROPE Expo in Bologna,Italy on April 12th and 13th.Over two days,more than 215 international companies will showcase their most Good electric vehicle technology,the entire technology exhibition contains a total of five themed exhibitions,covering the entire electric vehicle supply chain:batteries and supercapacitors,electric vehicle technology,electric motors,metals and materials,recycling.The Show itself was very good,and the organizers already received requests for the next year for double exhibitors than 2022,it looks promising.In our booth we have received approx 300 visits for general information,among them 30persons(10%)spent their time in discussing their application and could represent New Business Opportunities, and we already stareted to fix appointments with those 30 leads.BOSA is a new energy technology company from China adhering to the concept of learn from nature,contributed to nature and has developed in the field of renewable energy.It mainly provides high-quality products and technical support services for lithium batteries,and provides LFP modules for renewable energy.,customized battery packs and other collaborative products.The management team has extensive experience in the industry and is able to formulate quotations and estimates for various types of applications(emergency systems,energy storage systems,electric vehicles,floor cleaners,forklifts,etc.)This series of advantages puts us in a leading position in renewable energy.We have ten years of experience in the development of the European market,many of our products have many certifications including TUV,CEUL,UN38.3,and we have distributors in Germany.The main products in this exhibition include LF105 1P12S and LF280 1P8S modules,which are used in bus,truck,tractor,electric boat,etc.

Cooperated R&D with our customer, BOSA AGV battery power supply has successfully passed customer approval test and got high comments. The 2.5Kwh battery has height 170mm, which is lowest in same level. Different with dozens of cells inside, there are only 4 cells in side,reduces the failure rate by 97%; “We can say it’s much much safer” commented by Mr.Peter Jurgens, CTO of  LBT Germany, “With Blue tooth function built in, you can easily see through the battery on your cells phone, all data could be set by you ” With IP54 protection level, it could be expanded to IP 68 according to different working conditions. “Battery weight is 24kg, workers can handle it much easier. It offers 100A discharge current, could be recharge 80% during one coffee break;” Introduced by Luca lu, Sales director of BOSA energy,“With our long life type LiFePO4 material and battery design technology ,our LFP cell has excellent safety    performance and 6000 cycle life ”,“Our next generation AGV battery could work in -20 ℃ working conditions”. Bosa Energy focus on standard battery modules supplying with products applied on electric trucks, electric buses, utility vehicles,marine application, electric yacht, home energy storage,off-grid energy storage and MWH energy storage systems etc. Our rich experience could help customers designing and improving their system designs. Hope to join hands with partners to contribute to a greener future.

BOSA New Energy Technology Co.,Ltd. has been deeply engaged in the field of new energy,adhering to the attitude of Learning from nature，contributing to nature,doing its own research and development work,and devoting itself to the application and promotion of new energy. The products participating in the E-TECH exhibition this time include LFP105 module and LFP280 module,which have TUV,Rohs,UN38.3,MSDS and other certifications,are currently used in commercial trucks,energy storage fields,electric boats,etc.. If you are interested,we welcome you here at F39 E40. If you want to know more products,click on it http://www.bosaenergy.com